India's mammoth new airport terminal takes ‘back to nature’ seriously

Incorporating biophilia into a building’s architectural design has found its fullest expression lately in airports. Setting the bar when it opened in 2019 was the nature-themed Jewel Changi Airport, designed by Safdie Architects, which features an expansive indoor forest and a rain-fed waterfall that, at 40 meters, is the world’s tallest.

On January 15, 2023, Phase 1 of the Kempegowda International Airport’s Terminal 2, in Bengaluru, India, began domestic operations. The 255,661-sm (2.75 million-sf) building, designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), is projected to process 25 million passengers annually, while providing its travelers with a healthier environment, thanks to extensive indoor-outdoor landscaping that offers serenity to what is normally a frenzied experience.

Phase 1 of Terminal 2 “allows for a sense of wonder and delight” with its outdoor gardens and exotic plants, says Peter Lefkovits, a Partner with SOM, whom BD+C interviewed a few weeks after the terminal opened. The building team on this project included the structural, civil, and facade engineer Buro Happold, which also provided structural and façades engineering services for the Jewel Changi Airport.

Airport terminal offers a natural connection to the outdoors

SOM’s involvement in the Kempegowda Airport project dates back to 2013, when it won a design competition. It worked with Arup on this project's MEP design. Lefkovits recalls that the client, Bangalore International Airport Ltd. (BIAL), “from the get-go” wanted its new terminal to reflect Bengaluru, known locally as the Garden City for its lush parks and gardens, and temperate climate despite being in southern India.

“We give the airport a lot of credit for its vision for a model of sustainability, even pre-pandemic,” says Lefkovits.

Working with the landscape architect Grant Associates and the lighting consultant Brandston Partnership Inc., SOM devised a terminal within a garden that connects passengers to nature. Travelers walking through the airport are exposed to more than 10,000 sm of green walls, hanging plants, and gardens inside a terminal whose buildings are interconnected by a continuous band of outdoor landscaped spaces.

The main complex—which encompasses areas for check-in, baggage dropoff, and security checkpoints—is linked to an 11-gate boarding building by an outdoor, 24,000-sm “forest belt” that rises three stories and includes a series of open-air bridges for departures (upper floor) and arrivals (lower floor). Lefkovits notes that there’s a separate network of walkways that allows passengers to meander through the forest.

The outdoor garden surrounds a large lagoon that supports a nursery for maintaining the terminal’s plant life and provides graywater for the terminal’s operations. 

The plant species throughout the terminal were chosen for their ruggedness. The flora has its own integrated irrigation system that is monitored by apps. Lefkovits adds that the plants were often placed to take advantage of the terminal’s skylights.

Bamboo abounds as a design feature of the airport terminal

From Day 1, the Building Team, which included the general contractor Larsen + Toubro and CM Turner Construction, worked under a specific budget that was set by regulatory authorities. Consequently, the building’s design is clean, efficient, and simple, Lefkovits says, without “structural gestures” and at the service of the gardens and passenger comfort.

The team used a “rich palette” of building materials that included domestic granite for the terminal’s flooring, and natural brick for its walls. “It doesn’t feel like an airport as much as a hotel,” says Lefkovits.

Contributing to that ambiance within the terminal is an abundance of hanging plants and natural light that filters through bamboo lattice. Indoor waterfalls in the building’s retail section help cool the interior. Terminal 2 also has one of the lightest roofs at this scale, made entirely from domestically produced materials. The roof above the retail and check-in halls features long-span steel frames supported by steel columns 18 meters apart, whose posts are clad in bamboo.

At the center of Kempegowda Airport, with Terminal 2 to its north and Terminal 1 to its southeast, is a 123,000-sm, T-shaped multimodal transit hub, the artery through which the entire complex can be accessed. As if a terminal within a garden isn’t unusual enough, the transit hub features an outdoor retail and entertainment area that the airport has positioned as a new civic center for the city. The gardens from Terminal 2 extend to the hub and its surrounding land. Two lagoons on the hub’s southern side recycle the airport’s stormwater runoff.

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India’s Ministry of Civil Aviation estimated that Terminal 2 cost “around” 50 billion rupees to build, or the equivalent of US$604 million. Terminal 2 was designed and constructed to achieve LEED Gold certification. The building is run entirely on renewable energy. The terminal’s second phase, for which no start date has been announced yet, will increase its size to 450,000 sm, and its annual traveler capacity to 40 million.